LogoLogoMSF Science Portal
  • My saved items
logo

© Médecins Sans Frontières

MSF Science Portal
About MSF Science Portal
About MSF
Contact Us
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Privacy Policy
Terms of Use

v2.1.4829.produseast1

39 result(s)
Filter and sort
39 result(s)
Conference Material > Abstract

A crise de saúde e o bem-viver entre os yanomami: Desafios e estratégias comunitárias em tempos de emergência

Serenato G
MSF Scientific Days Latin America 2024. 5 November 2024
Português

INTRODUÇÃO

Atualmente, segundo dados do governo, mais de 30,4 mil habitantes vivem no território indígena Yanomami, a maior reserva indígena do Brasil. A situação de saúde dessa população é alarmante, especialmente desde que, em 20 de janeiro de 2023, foi declarada Emergência em Saúde Pública de Importância Nacional para enfrentar a desassistência sanitária das comunidades no território Yanomami. Entre os fatores críticos estão a invasão da Terra Indígena Yanomami pelo garimpo ilegal,

que tem gerado alta contaminação por mercúrio, afetando diretamente a saúde de crianças e mulheres e agravando o cenário de saúde pública. A exploração do garimpo, as queimadas e as mudanças climáticas interferem diretamente no conceito de Bem-Viver dessa população, que possui uma relação intrínseca com seu ecossistema. Os meios de subsistência dos Yanomami dependem da natureza, com atividades de pesca, agricultura e caça sendo essenciais para sua sobrevivência.

Além das consequências ambientais, a crise no Bem-Viver emergente entre os Yanomami reflete múltiplos fatores, incluindo deslocamentos forçados e perda de território. As práticas tradicionais de cuidado, fundamentais para a coesão social e o bem-estar da comunidade, estão sendo ameaçadas, resultando na presença constante de agentes externos e na interrupção da vida cotidiana tradicional.


MÉTODO

Para implementar ações de Saúde Mental e Apoio Psicossocial (SMAPS) neste contexto, formou-seuma equipe multidisciplinar composta por psicólogos, antropólogos, mediadores interculturais, promotores de saúde e agentes indígenas de saúde, além de líderes comunitários e xamãs locais. Essa colaboração entre diferentes atores permite uma visão abrangente do contexto, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de ações que respeitem e integrem o conceito de Bem-Viver Indígena. O principal ponto de partida para a implementação das ações foi o deslocamento do papel do psicólogo em território, visando superar a lógica biomédica que permeia o modelo ocidental de psicologia, frequentemente abordando os cuidados de forma individual e patologizante. Nossa meta foi construir um espaço de atuação que ressoe com a cosmologia e as práticas de cura do povo Yanomami. Para alcançar esse objetivo, foi fundamental partir do conhecimento do contexto e da criação de vínculos com as comunidades. Isso foi realizado por meio da Cartografia do Território, uma estratégia grupal que, através da participação ativa da comunidade, propõe a análise das necessidades de saúde explícitas e implícitas, além de buscar a compreensão de como as pessoas ocupam e interagem no território. A construção de relações de confiança com os atores comunitários ocorreu por meio de reuniões periódicas para planejamento, avaliação e implementação das ações de SMAPS. Ademais, o apoio antropológico desempenhou papel fundamental, atuando como base norteadora para a leitura social, permitindo a compreensão das noções culturais de corpo e saúde, das relações de parentesco, bem como dos rituais e cerimônias comunitárias do povo Yanomami.


RESULTADOS

A partir do conhecimento do território, foi possível redirecionar as ações de Saúde Mental e Apoio Psicossocial (SMAPS), com o objetivo de tecer redes de apoio comunitário, promover o cuidado coletivo e fortalecer os atores locais. As ações foram orientadas pelo acompanhamento de famílias que apresentavam sofrimento mental, resultando na realização de 333 consultas psicológicas 1 individuais e familiares em 2024. 2 Adicionalmente, foram conduzidos 154 grupos psicossociais

focados no fortalecimento comunitário e no desenvolvimento de estratégias de enfrentamento, com a participação de 2.044 pessoas. A metodologia que norteou essas ações considerou a linguagem e os conceitos que fazem sentido para a população Yanomami, os fatores organizadores da vida social Yanomami, tais como: relações de parentesco; relações comunitárias e intercomunitárias; rituais e cerimônias; sonhos; relação com a terra; e responsabilidades sociais. Além disso, foram identificadas

as formas de expressão do sofrimento mental trazidas pela comunidade, o que permitiu uma abordagem mais alinhada ao contexto de atuação. No nível comunitário e em articulação com o Distrito Sanitário Especial Indígena Yanomami e Yek'wana, foram alcançados diversos resultados, incluindo a criação do Núcleo Multidisciplinar na

CASAI-YY, a formação do Comitê Psicossocial em território e a elaboração de uma cartilha sobre o Uso Prejudicial de Álcool em conjunto com os homens Yanomami. Também houve o fortalecimento das capacidades locais, por meio do apoio técnico aos psicólogos do DSEI-YY, da apresentação de novas metodologias de atuação e do reconhecimento do trabalho do psicólogo pelas comunidades.


CONCLUSÃO

A consideração das realidades culturais e sociais é fundamental no desenvolvimento de ações em Saúde Mental e Apoio Psicossocial. Isso destaca a necessidade de promover o Bem-Viver entre os povos indígenas como um esforço conjunto, que requer a participação ativa da comunidade e a colaboração entre profissionais de diversas áreas. A atuação junto ao Povo Yanomami evidenciou os impactos sociais resultantes da invasão do território e das mudanças climáticas, ressaltando a

interdependência entre o ecossistema e o bem-estar das comunidades indígenas. Dessa forma, as experiências e aprendizados adquiridos durante esse processo podem servir como modelo para futuras ações em contextos semelhantes, contribuindo para a saúde e o bem-estar das populações indígenas

More
Conference Material > Video

Health crisis and good living among the Yanomami: Challenges and community strategies in times of emergency

Serenato G
MSF Scientific Days Latin America 2024. 5 November 2024
Journal Article > ResearchFull Text

Analysis of dry and wet season water quality in the municipality of La Gomera, Guatemala

Water Practice and Technology. 29 March 2024; DOI:10.2166/wpt.2024.074
Caballero A, Garcia M, Pérez-Sabino F, Lickes S, Guzmán-Quilo C,  et al.
Water Practice and Technology. 29 March 2024; DOI:10.2166/wpt.2024.074

There is a need for access to clean potable water worldwide. However, almost every source of surface water in Guatemala is contaminated. This study assesses the potential exposure to water contaminants in proximity to Medecins Sans Frontieres's (MSF) chronic kidney disease clinic population in La Gomera, Guatemala during wet and dry seasons. Five municipal wells and four artisanal wells (servicing approximately 18.9% of La Gomera) were selected for their proximity to MSF La Gomera clinic to determine the presence of coliforms, physicochemical parameters, heavy metals, and pesticide residues. Water samples were collected over 3 consecutive days during La Gomera's wet season and again during the dry season. Wet season 2022: Total coliforms and Escherichia coli exceeded the acceptable limits for several artisanal wells but were not detected in municipal wells. Mercury and arsenic were detected in all wells during at least one sampling period. Dry season 2023: Total coliforms exceeded the acceptable limits for all wells and E. coli was detected in all four artisanal wells. Lead and arsenic were detected in all wells. Our results suggest that water from artisanal wells does not meet COGUANOR or WHO microbiological criteria for human consumption.

More
Journal Article > ResearchFull Text

Evaluating cigarette butt pollution: Insights from Cox's Bazar Sea beach of Bangladesh

Curr Sci. 1 December 2023; Volume 197; 115705.; DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115705
Howlader M, Selim A, Shuvo SNA, Islam MM, Sultana T,  et al.
Curr Sci. 1 December 2023; Volume 197; 115705.; DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115705

Cigarette butts (CBs) have serious harmful effects on the environment and living organisms despite their small size. This research aims to investigate the abundance, densities and pollution status of CBs in Cox's Bazar Sea beach. The survey was conducted between 11 a.m. and 5 p.m. in February 2023, during the peak season of the year. A total of 13,988 CBs were collected, and the mean density was 0.388 m-2 and ranges from 0.195 m-2 - to 0.689 m-2. The mean CBPI value was 7.78, which showed the "high pollution" status. According to CBPI analysis, 25 %, 41.67 %, 16.67 %, and 16.67 % were "severe pollution", "considerable pollution", "high pollution", and "pollution" status, respectively. From HII values, 91.67 % beach fell within the "Class III" category, indicating abundant toxic CBs in the study area. A total of 13 brands were identified, of which Derby (19.31 %), B&H (18.54 %), and Star (11.26 %) were more abundant brands. These findings from this study aim to increase awareness of the harmful effects of cigarette butts discarded intentionally or unintentionally by smokers.

More
Journal Article > CommentaryFull Text

What cannot be mitigated or adapted to, will be suffered. Loss and damage in health and humanitarian terms

J Clim Chang Health. 9 September 2023; Online ahead of print; 100270.; DOI:10.1016/j.joclim.2023.100270
Schwerdtle PN, Devine C, Guevara M, Cornish S, Christou C,  et al.
J Clim Chang Health. 9 September 2023; Online ahead of print; 100270.; DOI:10.1016/j.joclim.2023.100270
Journal Article > ReviewFull Text

Ethics, climate change and health – a landscape review

Wellcome Open Res. 14 August 2023; Volume 8; 343.; DOI:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19490.1
Sheather J, Littler K, Singh JA, Wright K
Wellcome Open Res. 14 August 2023; Volume 8; 343.; DOI:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19490.1
Anthropogenic climate change is unequivocal, and many of its physical health impacts have been identified, although further research is required into the mental health and wellbeing effects of climate change. There is a lack of understanding of the importance of ethics in policy-responses to health and climate change which is also linked to the lack of specific action-guiding ethical resources for researchers and practitioners. There is a marked paucity of ethically-informed health input into economic policy-responses to climate change—an area of important future work. The interaction between health, climate change and ethics is technically and theoretically complex and work in this area is fragmentary, unfocussed, and underdeveloped. Research and reflection on climate and health is fragmented and plagued by disciplinary silos and exponentially increasing literature means that the field cannot be synthesised using conventional methods. Reviewing the literature in these fields is therefore methodologically challenging. Although many of the normative challenges in responding to climate change have been identified, available theoretical approaches are insufficiently robust, and this may be linked to the lack of action-guiding support for practitioners. There is a lack of ethical reflection on research into climate change responses. Low-HDI (Human Development Index) countries are under-represented in research and publication both in the health-impacts of climate change, and normative reflection on health and climate change policy. There is a noticeable lack of ethical commentary on a range of key topics in the environmental health literature including population, pollution, transport, energy, food, and water use. Serious work is required to synthesise the principles governing policy responses to health and climate change, particularly in relation to value conflicts between the human and non-human world and the challenges presented by questions of intergenerational justice.More
Conference Material > Abstract

Impact of healthcare access and livelihood support on deforestation rates in Kalimantan, Borneo

Hopkins S, Hazel A, Pourtois J, Chamberlin A, Gajewski Z,  et al.
MSF Scientific Day International 2023. 7 June 2023; DOI:10.57740/vj1f-v594
INTRODUCTION
An undervalued role of rural healthcare provision is its impact on forests and carbon balance. In addition to the effects of healthcare provision and livelihood programmes on improved human health, these programmes can also reduce forest degradation and prevent deforestation-related carbon emissions, since unaffordable healthcare drives logging as a source of rescue income. Shocks such as the Covid-19 pandemic may exacerbate this dynamic. Health In Harmony and Planet Indonesia are two planetary health non-governmental organisations (NGO’s) that work together with communities living in and around tropical rainforests in West Kalimantan, Indonesia.

METHODS
We used a cross-sectional mixed-methods survey in November-December 2021 to evaluate healthcare access and livelihoods in 1,016 households across six NGO-affiliated villages and four unaffiliated control villages. Additionally, satellite-generated imagery retrieved between January 2018 and December 2021 was used to contrast relative deforestation rates in 28 NGO-affiliated and 1,421 unaffiliated control villages bordering protected rainforests across Kalimantan.

ETHICS
This study was approved by the Stanford University Institutional Review Board and by the Institut Pertanian Bogor Ethical Review Board.

RESULTS
After accounting for environmental variables that affect deforestation, satellite analysis suggested that prior to the Covid-19 pandemic, average weekly deforestation rates in NGO-affiliated villages (0.018%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.012-0.026%) were 70% lower than in unaffiliated villages (0.062%; 95%CI, 0.045-0.078%; p<0.0001). Following the WHO pandemic declaration, deforestation rates dropped and then gradually rebounded in both NGO-affiliated and unaffiliated villages, with NGO-affiliated villages maintaining significantly lower average deforestation rates (0.008%; 95%CI, 0.005-0.011%) during the pandemic than unaffiliated villages (0.026%; 95%CI, 0.019-0.032%; p<0.01). Survey results indicated that clinic visits, out-of-pocket healthcare spending, and the proportion of households unable to access healthcare increased across all villages during the pandemic. The main reasons given for access problems were around fears of contracting Covid-19, unaffordability, or clinic closure. Throughout the pandemic, households affiliated with Health In Harmony, which runs a health clinic, were less likely to report barriers to affordable clinic access than households in unaffiliated villages (14% vs. 29%; odds ratio (OR); 0.41,95%CI, 0.2-0.69). Households in NGO-affiliated villages were more likely to do jobs with low environmental impact (e.g., small-scale farming, conservation; OR 1.61,95%CI, 1.15-2.24). Half of households in both groups reported income loss from at least one source during the pandemic, but households in NGO-affiliated villages were more likely to gain alternative income from multiple job types, especially resource-neutral jobs (e.g., public servant, sales, services). Additionally, households in NGO-affiliated villages had more sources of economic support, such as government programmes, co-operatives, family and NGO’s (OR 1.36, 95%CI, 1.11-1.69).

CONCLUSION
Communities with better access to healthcare and livelihood support were associated with significantly lower deforestation rates prior to the Covid-19 pandemic, and this lower reliance on forest-degrading income was resilient to the pandemic shock.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
None declared.
More
Conference Material > Poster

Mapping air pollution exposure risk in Port-au-Prince

Post N, Boobier L, Vyncke J, Tremblay LL
MSF Scientific Day International 2023. 7 June 2023
Conference Material > Slide Presentation

Impact of healthcare access and livelihood support on deforestation rates in Kalimantan, Borneo

Hopkins S, Hazel A, Pourtois J, Chamberlin A, Gajewski Z,  et al.
MSF Scientific Day International 2023. 7 June 2023; DOI:10.57740/gr3a-mk13
Journal Article > ResearchFull Text

Investigating outbreaks of initially unknown aetiology in complex settings: Findings and recommendations from 10 case studies

Int Health. 11 January 2023; Volume 15 (Issue 5); 537-546.; DOI:10.1093/inthealth/ihac088
Perrocheau A, Jephcott F, Asgari-Jirhanden N, Greig J, Peyraud N,  et al.
Int Health. 11 January 2023; Volume 15 (Issue 5); 537-546.; DOI:10.1093/inthealth/ihac088
BACKGROUND
Outbreaks of unknown aetiology in complex settings pose challenges and there is little information about investigation methods. We reviewed investigations into such outbreaks to identify methods favouring or impeding identification of the cause.

METHODS
We used two approaches: reviewing scientific literature and soliciting key informants. Case studies were developed through interviews with people involved and triangulated with documents available from the time of the investigation.

RESULTS
Ten outbreaks in African or Asian countries within the period 2007–2017 were selected. The cause was identified in seven, of which two had an unclear mode of transmission, and in three, neither origin nor transmission mode was identified. Four events were caused by infectious agents and three by chemical poisoning. Despite differences in the outbreaks, similar obstacles were noted: incomplete or delayed description of patients, comorbidities confounding clinical pictures and case definitions wrongly attributed. Repeated rounds of data collection and laboratory investigations were common and there was limited capacity to ship samples.

DISCUSSION
It was not possible to define activities that led to prompt identification of the cause in the case studies selected. Based on the observations, we conclude that basing case definitions on precise medical observations, implementing initial comprehensive data collection, including environmental, social and behavioural information; and involving local informants could save precious time and hasten implementation of control measures.
More