Journal Article > ResearchFull Text
Lancet. 8 November 2010; Volume 376 (Issue 9753); DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61924-1
Dondorp AM, Fanello CI, Hendriksen IC, Gomes E, Seni A, et al.
Lancet. 8 November 2010; Volume 376 (Issue 9753); DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61924-1
Severe malaria is a major cause of childhood death and often the main reason for paediatric hospital admission in sub-Saharan Africa. Quinine is still the established treatment of choice, although evidence from Asia suggests that artesunate is associated with a lower mortality. We compared parenteral treatment with either artesunate or quinine in African children with severe malaria.
Journal Article > ReviewFull Text
Bull World Health Organ. 29 September 2014; Volume 92 (Issue 12); 881-893.; DOI:10.2471/BLT.14.139949
Martin S, Lopez AMZ, Bellos A, Deen JL, Ali MI, et al.
Bull World Health Organ. 29 September 2014; Volume 92 (Issue 12); 881-893.; DOI:10.2471/BLT.14.139949
OBJECTIVE
To describe and analyse the characteristics of oral cholera vaccination campaigns; including location, target population, logistics, vaccine coverage and delivery costs.
METHODS
We searched PubMed, the World Health Organization (WHO) website and the Cochrane database with no date or language restrictions. We contacted public health personnel, experts in the field and in ministries of health and did targeted web searches.
FINDINGS
A total of 33 documents were included in the analysis. One country, Viet Nam, incorporates oral cholera vaccination into its public health programme and has administered approximately 10.9 million vaccine doses between 1997 and 2012. In addition, over 3 million doses of the two WHO pre-qualified oral cholera vaccines have been administered in more than 16 campaigns around the world between 1997 and 2014. These campaigns have either been pre-emptive or reactive and have taken place under diverse conditions, such as in refugee camps or natural disasters. Estimated two-dose coverage ranged from 46 to 88% of the target population. Approximate delivery cost per fully immunized person ranged from 0.11-3.99 United States dollars.
CONCLUSIONS
Experience with oral cholera vaccination campaigns continues to increase. Public health officials may draw on this experience and conduct oral cholera vaccination campaigns more frequently.
To describe and analyse the characteristics of oral cholera vaccination campaigns; including location, target population, logistics, vaccine coverage and delivery costs.
METHODS
We searched PubMed, the World Health Organization (WHO) website and the Cochrane database with no date or language restrictions. We contacted public health personnel, experts in the field and in ministries of health and did targeted web searches.
FINDINGS
A total of 33 documents were included in the analysis. One country, Viet Nam, incorporates oral cholera vaccination into its public health programme and has administered approximately 10.9 million vaccine doses between 1997 and 2012. In addition, over 3 million doses of the two WHO pre-qualified oral cholera vaccines have been administered in more than 16 campaigns around the world between 1997 and 2014. These campaigns have either been pre-emptive or reactive and have taken place under diverse conditions, such as in refugee camps or natural disasters. Estimated two-dose coverage ranged from 46 to 88% of the target population. Approximate delivery cost per fully immunized person ranged from 0.11-3.99 United States dollars.
CONCLUSIONS
Experience with oral cholera vaccination campaigns continues to increase. Public health officials may draw on this experience and conduct oral cholera vaccination campaigns more frequently.
Journal Article > CommentaryFull Text
Hum Vaccin Immunother. 14 November 2017; Volume 14 (Issue 2); DOI:10.1080/21645515.2017.1403705
Deen JL, Lopez AMZ, Kanungo S, Wang XY, Ahn DD, et al.
Hum Vaccin Immunother. 14 November 2017; Volume 14 (Issue 2); DOI:10.1080/21645515.2017.1403705
There are two internationally available WHO-prequalified oral rotavirus vaccines (Rotarix and RotaTeq), two rotavirus vaccines licensed in India (Rotavac and Rotasiil), one in China (Lanzhou lamb rotavirus vaccine) and one in Vietnam (Rotavin-M1), and several candidates in development. Rotavirus vaccination has been rolled out in Latin American countries and is beginning to be deployed in sub-Saharan African countries but middle- and low-income Asian countries have lagged behind in rotavirus vaccine introduction. We provide a mini-review of the leading newer-generation rotavirus vaccines and compare them with Rotarix and RotaTeq. We discuss how the development and future availability of newer-generation rotavirus vaccines that address the programmatic needs of poorer countries may help scale-up rotavirus vaccination where it is needed.
Journal Article > CommentaryFull Text
J Infect Dis. 1 November 2013; Volume 208 (Issue suppl 1); DOI:10.1093/infdis/jit194
von Seidlein L, Jiddawi MS, Grais RF, Luquero FJ, Lucas M, et al.
J Infect Dis. 1 November 2013; Volume 208 (Issue suppl 1); DOI:10.1093/infdis/jit194
The 21st century saw a shift in the cholera burden from Asia to Africa. The risk factors for cholera outbreaks in Africa are incompletely understood, and the traditional emphasis on providing safe drinking water and improving sanitation and hygiene has proven remarkably insufficient to contain outbreaks. Current killed whole-cell oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) are safe and guarantee a high level of protection for several years. OCVs have been licensed for >20 years, but their potential for preventing and control cholera outbreaks in Africa has not been realized. Although each item in the long list of technical reasons why cholera vaccination campaigns have been deferred is plausible, we believe that the biggest barrier is that populations affected by cholera outbreaks are underprivileged and lack a strong political voice. The evaluation and use of OCVs as a tool for cholera control will require a new, more compassionate, less risk-averse generation of decision makers.
Journal Article > CommentaryFull Text
Science. 14 May 2009; Volume 324 (Issue 5929); DOI:10.1126/science.1173890
Bhattacharya S, Black RE, Bourgeois L, Clemens JD, Cravioto A, et al.
Science. 14 May 2009; Volume 324 (Issue 5929); DOI:10.1126/science.1173890
Journal Article > ResearchFull Text
Clin Infect Dis. 21 November 2017; Volume 66 (Issue 12); 1960-1971.; DOI:10.1093/cid/cix1039
Lopez AMZ, Deen JL, Azman AS, Luguero FJ, Kanungo S, et al.
Clin Infect Dis. 21 November 2017; Volume 66 (Issue 12); 1960-1971.; DOI:10.1093/cid/cix1039
In addition to improved water supply and sanitation, the two-dose killed oral cholera vaccine (OCV) is an important tool for the prevention and control of cholera. We aimed to document the immunogenicity and protection (efficacy and effectiveness) conferred by a single OCV dose against cholera. The meta-analysis showed an estimated 73% and 77% of individuals seroconverted to the Ogawa and Inaba serotypes, respectively, after an OCV first dose. The estimates of single-dose vaccine protection from available studies are 87% at 2 months decreasing to 33% at 2 years. Current immunologic and clinical data suggest that protection conferred by a single dose of killed OCV may be sufficient to reduce short-term risk in outbreaks or other high-risk settings, which may be especially useful when vaccine supply is limited. However, until more data suggests otherwise, a second dose should be given as soon as circumstances allow to ensure robust protection.
Journal Article > ResearchFull Text
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 25 January 2011; Volume 5 (Issue 1); DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000952
Reyburn R, Deen JL, Grais RF, Bhattacharya S, Sur D, et al.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 25 January 2011; Volume 5 (Issue 1); DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000952
The outbreak of cholera in Zimbabwe intensified interest in the control and prevention of cholera. While there is agreement that safe water, sanitation, and personal hygiene are ideal for the long term control of cholera, there is controversy about the role of newer approaches such as oral cholera vaccines (OCVs). In October 2009 the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts advised the World Health Organization to consider reactive vaccination campaigns in response to large cholera outbreaks. To evaluate the potential benefit of this pivotal change in WHO policy, we used existing data from cholera outbreaks to simulate the number of cholera cases preventable by reactive mass vaccination.
Journal Article > ResearchFull Text
Lancet Infect Dis. 1 January 2016; Volume 16 (Issue 1); DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00298-4
Deen JL, von Seidlein L, Luquero FJ, Troeger C, Reyburn R, et al.
Lancet Infect Dis. 1 January 2016; Volume 16 (Issue 1); DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00298-4
Oral cholera vaccination could be deployed in a diverse range of situations from cholera-endemic areas and locations of humanitarian crises, but no clear consensus exists. The supply of licensed, WHO-prequalified cholera vaccines is not sufficient to meet endemic and epidemic needs worldwide and so prioritisation is needed. We have developed a scenario approach to systematically classify situations in which oral cholera vaccination might be useful. Our scenario approach distinguishes between five types of cholera epidemiology based on experiences from around the world and provides evidence that we hope will spur the development of detailed guidelines on how and where oral cholera vaccines could, and should, be most rationally deployed.