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Conference Material > Abstract

Diálogos entre saberes ancestrales y DMC: Implementación de una experiencia SMAPS con comunidades indígenas de Chocó, Colombia

Triana LXG, Rodríguez MF
MSF Scientific Days Latin America 2024. 5 November 2024
Español

INTRODUCCIÓN

La exposición prolongada al conflicto armado en comunidades ubicadas en el Alto Baudó en Chocó, Colombia, ha conllevado un deterioro significativo de los factores protectores en salud mental y psicosocial. Este contexto ha exacerbado problemas como suicidios, violencia intrafamiliar, síntomas psicóticos, ansiedad y depresión. Médicos Sin Fronteras (MSF) ha implementado un proyecto desde el Modelo de Atención Descentralizada (DMC) en la zona, que inició en 2022. La mayoría de la población objetivo es indígena (embera dóbida) ubicada en zonas rurales remotas, por lo que hay grandes retos de acceso a la salud mental, para tejer saberes comunitarios con los conocimientos MSF, para enseñar aspectos básicos sobre salud mental (SM) con metodologías culturalmente adaptadas y en idioma embera. El proyecto le ha apuntado a acercar la salud física y mental a la comunidad, respetando las prácticas y saberes culturales indígenas. Por último, se considera una iniciativa innovadora que, partiendo de la cosmovisión de las comunidades e involucrando a las figuras principales de cuidado que han existido allí tradicionalmente, busca responder a problemas de salud mental específicos del territorio, como lo es el suicidio, desde la prevención y promoción de la salud mental.


METODOLOGÍA

Se plantearon metodologías para entrenar a agentes y promotores comunitarios (ACPS), se realizaron herramientas para detección de signos y síntomas en salud mental, para que realizaran psicoeducaciones en comunidad y se realizaron supervisiones; todas estas actividades y metodologías para los entrenamientos de los trabajadores comunitarios, requirieron adaptaciones culturales a través de ejercicios continuos de simulación y juego de roles con mediadores interculturales que hacen parte del staff MSF, esto, con el fin de mejorar aceptabilidad de las actividades de salud mental por parte de los trabajadores comunitarios. ACPS realizaron psicoeducaciones en la comunidad, detectaban personas que requerían PAP y se contactaban al equipo de remisiones de MSF cuando un caso de salud mental necesitaba acceso a la estructura de salud. Las actividades estaban en constante ajuste y adaptación, acorde a las experiencias con agentes y promotores y a los aportes de mediadores culturales. Bajo estos mismos principios mitológicos se propone una estrategia para el fortalecimiento de los recursos de afrontamiento y así disminuir la conducta suicida en una de las comunidades, esta se basó en la propuesta de grupos psicosociales elaborada por OCBA.


RESULTADOS

En el marco del proyecto, 50 trabajadores comunitarios han adquirido habilidades clave como identificación de síntomas psicológicos, de urgencias en salud mental y herramientas en psicoeducación. Estas acciones, han contribuido significativamente a la familiarización de la comunidad con el concepto de salud mental, reduciendo el estigma asociado, y fortaleciendo los mecanismos de afrontamiento comunitario. Se ha observado un avance significativo en la integración del concepto de salud mental desde la cosmovisión local, donde los trabajadores comunitarios han comenzado a facilitar acuerdos entre la medicina tradicional y occidental para complementar los cuidados de salud mental, incluyendo otras figuras clave como los docentes, la guardia indígena y médicos tradicionales, lo cual ha servido como un recurso valioso para la identificación temprana de casos dentro de la comunidad, además de ofrecer PAP. Se ha reconocido el suicidio como una preocupación crítica que requiere atención prioritaria; en relación con conducta suicida, se ha logrado reducir prácticas punitivas y la disminución normalización de comportamientos de riesgo en algunas comunidades. A partir de los reportes de los trabajadores comunitarios, se planteó una estrategia psicosocial comunitaria para fortalecer afrontamientos que permitan disminuir y prevenir afectaciones en salud mental, especialmente, conducta suicida.


CONCLUSIÓN

El proyecto se cierra en diciembre 2024 y se concluye que las actividades del proyecto DMC Chocó, destacan la urgente necesidad de intervenciones SMAPS (salud mental y atención psicosocial) formuladas desde el enfoque étnico diferencial, por lo que se encontró como factor clave la construcción conjunta entre psicólogos y mediadores interculturales de todos los materiales y espacios grupales en su fase de planificación e intervención. Se obtuvieron resultados como: mayor comprensión de las comunidades sobre la salud mental, disminución del estigma, disminución de juicios en casos con afectaciones severas como la conducta suicida, VBG y psicosis, sumado a que los ACPS ofrecen un primer apoyo; se lograron supervisiones en las comunidades con los retos geográficos y de conflicto armado presentes y se fortalecieron estructuras de salud en abordaje de trauma, VS y Programa de acción para superar las brechas en salud mental, mhGAP (del inglés, Mental Health Global Action Programme)

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Conference Material > Video

Dialogues between ancestral knowledge and DMC: Implementation of a SMAPS experience with indigenous communities in Chocó, Colombia

Triana LXG
MSF Scientific Days Latin America 2024. 5 November 2024
Conference Material > Poster

Reduction of the mental health global state scale for children for its use in humanitarian interventions

Martinez Torre S, Sagrado MJ, Carreño C, Llosa AE
MSF Paediatric Days 2024. 3 May 2024; DOI:10.57740/WieV9oT
Journal Article > ResearchFull Text

Time, space and health: using the life history calendar methodology applied to mobility in a medical-humanitarian organisation

Glob Health Action. 6 October 2022; Volume 15 (Issue 1); DOI:10.1080/16549716.2022.2128281
Cubides JC, Jorgensen N, Peiter PC
Glob Health Action. 6 October 2022; Volume 15 (Issue 1); DOI:10.1080/16549716.2022.2128281
In the medical humanitarian context, the challenging task of collecting health information from people on the move constitutes a key element to identifying critical health care needs and gaps. Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), during its long history of working with migrants, refugees and mobile populations in different contexts, has acknowledged how crucial it is to generate detailed context-related data on migrant and refugee populations in order to adapt the response interventions to their needs and circumstances. In 2019, the Brazilian Medical Unit/MSF developed the Migration History Tool (MHT), an application based on the life history method which was created in close dialogue with field teams in order to respond to information needs emerging from medical operations in mobile populations. The tool was piloted in two different contexts: firstly, among mobile populations transiting and living in Beitbridge and Musina, at the Zimbabwe-South Africa border; and, secondly, among Venezuelan migrants and refugees in Colombia. This article describes the implementation of this innovative method for collecting quantitative retrospective data on mobility and health in the context of two humanitarian interventions. The results have proven the flexibility of the methodology, which generated detailed information on mobility trajectories and on the temporalities of migration in two different contexts. It also revealed how health outcomes are not only associated with the spatial dimensions of movement, but also with the temporalities of mobility trajectories.More
Journal Article > ResearchAbstract Only

Human mobility and health: Exploring the health conditions of Venezuelan migrants and refugees in Colombia

J Immigr Minor Health. 26 October 2021; Volume 24 (Issue 5); 1281-1287.; DOI:10.1007/s10903-021-01298-1
Cubides JC, Peiter PC, Garone DB, Antierens A
J Immigr Minor Health. 26 October 2021; Volume 24 (Issue 5); 1281-1287.; DOI:10.1007/s10903-021-01298-1
Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) conducted a study to identify health needs and access barriers of Venezuelan migrants and refugees at La Guajira and Norte de Santander Colombian border states. The Migration History tool was used to gather information that included various health-related issues such as referred morbidity, exposure to violence, mental health, and access to health care services. A group migration profile with long-term permanence plans was identified. Was evidenced an important share of young population (50% under 20), indigenous people (20%), and returnees (11%). The respondents referred to a mixed pattern of chronic and acute diseases, for which the main difficulty was accessing diagnosis and continuous treatment. Health-seeking behavior was identified as the main barrier to access health care services. The article compiles main findings on the Venezuelan migrants and refugees' health conditions, contributing important evidence for the humanitarian responses in migration contexts.More
Journal Article > ResearchFull Text

Development of a patient rated scale for mental health global state for use during humanitarian interventions

Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 18 September 2020; Volume 30 (Issue 1); e1850.; DOI:10.1002/mpr.1850
Llosa AE, Martinez-Viciana C, Carreño C, Evangelidou S, Casas G,  et al.
Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 18 September 2020; Volume 30 (Issue 1); e1850.; DOI:10.1002/mpr.1850
OBJECTIVE
We present the results of a cross-cultural validation of the Mental Health Global State (MHGS) scale for adults and adolescents (<14 years old).

METHODS
We performed two independent studies using mixed methods among 103 patients in Hebron, Occupied Palestinian Territories and 106 in Cauca, Colombia. The MHGS was analyzed psychometrically, sensitivity and specificity, ability to detect clinically meaningful change, compared to the Clinical Global Impression-Severity scale (CGI-S). Principal component analysis was used to reduce the number of questions after data collection.

RESULTS
The scale demonstrated good internal consistency, with a Cronbach alpha score of 0.80 in both settings. Test retest reliability was high, ICC 0.70 (95% CI [0.41-0.85]) in Hebron and 0.87 (95% CI [0.76-0.93]) in Cauca; inter-rater reliability was 0.70 (95% CI [0.42-0.85]) in Hebron and 0.76 (95% CI [0.57-0.88]) in Cauca. Psychometric properties were also good, and the tool demonstrated a sensitivity of 85% in Hebron and 100% in Cauca, with corresponding specificity of 80% and 79%, when compared to CGI-S.

CONCLUSIONS
The MHGS showed promising results to assess global mental health thereby providing an additional easy to use tool in humanitarian interventions. Additional work should focus on validation in at least one more context, to adhere to best practices in transcultural validation.
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Journal Article > ResearchFull Text

Provision of antiretroviral treatment in conflict settings: the experience of Médecins Sans Frontières

Confl Health. 17 June 2010; Volume 4; 12.; DOI:10.1186/1752-1505-4-12
O'Brien DP, Venis S, Greig J, Shanks L, Ellman T,  et al.
Confl Health. 17 June 2010; Volume 4; 12.; DOI:10.1186/1752-1505-4-12
INTRODUCTION
Many countries ravaged by conflict have substantial morbidity and mortality attributed to HIV/AIDS yet HIV treatment is uncommonly available. Universal access to HIV care cannot be achieved unless the needs of populations in conflict-affected areas are addressed.

METHODS
From 2003 Médecins Sans Frontières introduced HIV care, including antiretroviral therapy, into 24 programmes in conflict or post-conflict settings, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. HIV care and treatment activities were usually integrated within other medical activities. Project data collected in the Fuchia software system were analysed and outcomes compared with ART-LINC data. Programme reports and other relevant documents and interviews with local and headquarters staff were used to develop lessons learned.

RESULTS
In the 22 programmes where ART was initiated, more than 10,500 people were diagnosed with HIV and received medical care, and 4555 commenced antiretroviral therapy, including 348 children. Complete data were available for adults in 20 programmes (n = 4145). At analysis, 2645 (64%) remained on ART, 422 (10%) had died, 466 (11%) lost to follow-up, 417 (10%) transferred to another programme, and 195 (5%) had an unclear outcome. Median 12-month mortality and loss to follow-up were 9% and 11% respectively, and median 6-month CD4 gain was 129 cells/mm3. Patient outcomes on treatment were comparable to those in stable resource-limited settings, and individuals and communities obtained significant benefits from access to HIV treatment. Programme disruption through instability was uncommon with only one program experiencing interruption to services, and programs were adapted to allow for disruption and population movements. Integration of HIV activities strengthened other health activities contributing to health benefits for all victims of conflict and increasing the potential sustainability for implemented activities.

CONCLUSIONS
With commitment, simplified treatment and monitoring, and adaptations for potential instability, HIV treatment can be feasibly and effectively provided in conflict or post-conflict settings.
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Journal Article > CommentaryFull Text

Colombia: The Winner Takes All

BMJ. 12 December 1998; Volume 317 (Issue 7173); 1649-1650.; DOI:10.1136/bmj.317.7173.1649
Veeken H
BMJ. 12 December 1998; Volume 317 (Issue 7173); 1649-1650.; DOI:10.1136/bmj.317.7173.1649
Journal Article > ResearchFull Text

Outcomes of HIV-infected versus HIV-non-infected patients treated for drug-resistance tuberculosis: Multicenter cohort study

PLOS One. 8 March 2018; Volume 13 (Issue 3); DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0193491
Bastard M, Sanchez-Padilla E, du Cros PAK, Khamraev AK, Parpieva N,  et al.
PLOS One. 8 March 2018; Volume 13 (Issue 3); DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0193491
The emergence of resistance to anti-tuberculosis (DR-TB) drugs and the HIV epidemic represent a serious threat for reducing the global burden of TB. Although data on HIV-negative DR-TB treatment outcomes are well published, few data on DR-TB outcomes among HIV co-infected people is available despite the great public health importance.More
Journal Article > LetterFull Text

Caught in Colombia's crossfire

N Engl J Med. 16 December 2004; Volume 351 (Issue 25); 2576-2578.; DOI:10.1056/NEJMp048293
Reilley B, Morote S
N Engl J Med. 16 December 2004; Volume 351 (Issue 25); 2576-2578.; DOI:10.1056/NEJMp048293