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Rural-urban gradient in seasonal forcing of measles transmission in Niger | Journal Article / Research | MSF Science Portal
Journal Article
|Research

Rural-urban gradient in seasonal forcing of measles transmission in Niger

Ferrari MJ, Djibo A, Grais RF, Bharti N, Grenfell BT, Bjørnstad ON
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Abstract
Seasonally driven cycles of incidence have been consistently observed for a range of directly transmitted pathogens. Though frequently observed, the mechanism of seasonality for directly transmitted human pathogens is rarely well understood. Despite significant annual variation in magnitude, measles outbreaks in Niger consistently begin in the dry season and decline at the onset of the seasonal rains. We estimate the seasonal fluctuation in measles transmission rates for the 38 districts and urban centres of Niger, from 11 years of weekly incidence reports. We show that transmission rates are consistently in anti-phase to the rainfall patterns across the country. The strength of the seasonal forcing of transmission is not correlated with the latitudinal rainfall gradient, as would be expected if transmission rates were determined purely by environmental conditions. Rather, seasonal forcing is correlated with the population size, with larger seasonal fluctuation in more populous, urban areas. This pattern is consistent with seasonal variation in human density and contact rates due to agricultural cycles. The stronger seasonality in large cities drives deep inter-epidemic troughs and results in frequent local extinction of measles, which contrasts starkly to the conventional observation that large cities, by virtue of their size, act as reservoirs of measles.

Countries

Niger

Subject Area

measlesoutbreaks

Languages

English
DOI
10.1098/rspb.2010.0536
Published Date
22 Sep 2010
PubMed ID
20427338
Journal
Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society
Volume | Issue | Pages
Volume 277, Issue 1695
Issue Date
2010-04-28
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