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Journal Article > ResearchSubscription Only

Effect of mass campaigns with full and fractional doses of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Pneumosil) on the reduction of nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage in Niger: a three-arm, open-label, cluster-randomised trial

Lancet Infect Dis. 8 January 2025; Volume S1473-3099 (Issue 24); 00719-9.; DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00719-9
Coldiron ME, Soumana I, Baudin E, Langendorf C, Mamiafo Tchoula C,  et al.
Lancet Infect Dis. 8 January 2025; Volume S1473-3099 (Issue 24); 00719-9.; DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00719-9

BACKGROUND

In settings with low pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) coverage, multi-age cohort mass campaigns could increase population immunity, and fractional dosing could increase affordability. We aimed to evaluate the effect of mass campaigns on nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage of Pneumosil (PCV10) in children aged 1-9 years in Niger.


METHODS

In this three-arm, open-label, cluster-randomised trial, 63 clusters of one to four villages in Niger were randomly assigned (3:3:1) using block randomisation to receive campaigns consisting of a single full dose of a 10-valent PCV (Pneumosil), a single one-fifth dose of Pneumosil, or no campaign. Independently sampled carriage surveys were done among 2268 households 6 months before and after vaccination, collecting nasopharyngeal swabs from healthy children for culture and serotyping; those with contraindication to nasopharyngeal swabbing were excluded. The primary outcome was nasopharyngeal carriage of vaccine-serotype pneumococcus. We tested whether vaccine-type carriage was reduced in full-dose versus control clusters; and whether fractional doses were non-inferior to full-doses (lower bound 95% CI more than -7·5%), using generalised estimating equations to analyse cluster summaries at baseline and follow-up, controlling for covariates to estimate risk differences and their 95% CIs. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05175014) and the Pan-African Clinical Trials Registry (PACTR20211257448484).


FINDINGS

Surveys were done between Dec 22, 2021, and March 18, 2022, and between Dec 12, 2022, and March 9, 2023. The vaccination campaign ran from June 15 to Aug 2, 2022. Participants' characteristics were consistent across surveys and groups. Pre-vaccination, vaccine-type carriage was 15·6% (149 of 955 participants) in the full-dose group, 17·9% (170 of 948) in the fractional-dose group, and 18·8% (60 of 320) in the control group. Post-vaccination, vaccine-type carriage was 4·6% (44 of 967) in the full-dose group, 8·0% (77 of 962) in the fractional-dose group, and 16·5% (53 of 321) in the control group. The primary analysis showed a risk difference of -16·2% (95% CI -28·6 to -3·0) between the full-dose group and control group (p=0·002 for superiority), and -3·8% (-6·1 to -1·6) between the full-dose group and fractional-dose group, meeting the non-inferiority criteria. No adverse events were judged to be related to vaccination.


INTERPRETATION

Multi-age cohort campaigns had a marked effect on vaccine-type carriage and fractional-dose campaigns met non-inferiority criteria. Such campaigns should be considered in low-coverage settings, including humanitarian emergencies, to accelerate population protection.

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Conference Material > Poster

Emergence of macrolide-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae non-PCV10 serotypes among pediatric patients in Bangladesh

Kar S, Hasan M, Mukta SA, Emon MH, Oitijjho IN,  et al.
MSF Scientific Days Asia 2024. 8 November 2024
Conference Material > Video

Determining whether mass vaccination campaigns with fractional dose of PCV10 (Pneumosil®) could accelerate herd protection against pneumococcal transmission in sub-Saharan Africa

Soumana I
Epicentre Scientific Day 2024. 1 July 2024
English
Français
Conference Material > Abstract

Determining whether mass vaccination campaigns with fractional dose of PCV10 (Pneumosil®) could accelerate herd protection against pneumococcal transmission in sub-Saharan Africa

Soumana I
Epicentre Scientific Day 2024. 23 May 2024

BACKGROUND

In settings with low Pneumoccocal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) coverage, mass campaigns targeting multi-age cohorts (MAC) might accelerate herd protection but ould be costly. Campaigns using fractional dose PCV would decrease cost and increase access.


METHODS

We conducted a cluster-randomized trial in Niger to evaluate the effect of a mass campaign targeting children aged 1-9 years on pneumococcal carriage. 63 villages were randomized in a 3:3:1 ratio to receive campaigns with a single full dose of a 10-valent PCV (Pneumosil®), a single 1/5th fractional dose, or no campaign. We conducted two independent carriage surveys among a total of 2268 households 6 months before and 6 months after vaccination, collecting a nasopharyngeal swab from a child aged 1-9 years for culture and serotyping. If the full-dose campaign was shown superior to control in carriage reduction, the non-inferiority of fractional-dose campaign was to be evaluated, with the lower bound of the 95%CI > -7.5%. Registration: NCT05175014, PACTR20211257448484


RESULTS

Surveys were conducted between December 22, 2021, and 18 March, 2022, and December 12, 2022, and March 9, 2023. The vaccination campaign was June 15-August 2, 2022. Participant characteristics were similar between the two surveys and across arms. Pre-vaccination, vaccine-type (VT) carriage was 15.6% in the full-dose arm, 17.9% in the fractional dose arm, and 18.8% in the control arm. Post-

vaccination, VT carriage was 4.6% in the full-dose arm, 8.0% in the fractional dose arm, and 16.5% in the control arm. In the primary analysis, the risk difference between the full dose and the control arms was -12.0% [-19.0; -5.0], p=0.001, and between the full dose and fractional dose arms it was -3.5% [-5.8; -1.1], meeting the prespecified non-inferiority criterion. Similar results were seen after adjustment for age, vaccine coverage and other factors.


CONCLUSION

MAC campaigns had a marked impact on VT carriage and fractional-dose campaigns met non-inferiority criteria. Such campaigns should be considered in low-coverage settings, including humanitarian emergencies, to accelerate population protection.

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Conference Material > Video

The implementation of continuous positive airway pressure in a humanitarian content: The experience of Médecins sans Frontières in Mosul, Iraq

Haj-Hassan TA, Amer M, Al-Jubori K, Salim H, Hameed A,  et al.
MSF Paediatric Days 2024. 3 May 2024
English
Français
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) is recommended for neonates with respiratory distress. CPAP is widely used in high-income countries, but less so in low- and middle-income settings. Here we assess key aspects of implementing CPAP in a humanitarian setting and describe the initial cohort of neonates treated, along with their clinical outcomes.

METHODS
MSF implemented CPAP in a basic neonatal unit in Mosul following the request of the local medical team. Implementation of two bubble CPAP machines included initial training and refresher training one year later. Clinical data was recorded over 16 months (13 April 2021- 21 July 2022). Descriptive statistics were used to assess the feasibility and outcomes of using CPAP in this setting.

RESULTS
CPAP was well accepted by most healthcare workers and parents. 93 neonates were placed on CPAP. 98% of patients had a birthweight >1.5Kg. The main indications were respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, transient tachypnoea, and meconium aspiration (46%, 22%, 16%, and 14% respectively). Average duration on CPAP was 53 hours. 63% of patients recovered, 8% were discharged against medical advice, 9% were referred, and 15% died. Among the 15 patients who died at our facility or at the referral facility, 7 had a contraindication to CPAP, and the initiation of CPAP was delayed in 9 patients. Complications included minor nasal lesions (17%), irritability (8%), and pneumothoraces (5%).

DISCUSSION
Most patients improved with CPAP and were discharged home. 5% of patients developed pneumothoraces, which is in keeping with other reports. However, among patients who did not improve, a significant proportion had contraindications to CPAP initiation and/or were placed on CPAP in extremis, highlighting the importance of clear indication criteria and training. Using CPAP in a humanitarian setting may be feasible but is associated with high human resource needs for both training and practice.
More
Conference Material > Video

Managing multidrug resistant outbreaks in Abs General Hospital neonatal ward

Gonzalez Arias M, Alsairy H, Yang SL, Alonso B, Buero MM
MSF Paediatric Days 2024. 3 May 2024
Conference Material > Abstract

The implementation of continuous positive airway pressure in a humanitarian content: The experience of Médecins sans Frontières in Mosul, Iraq

Haj-Hassan TA, Amer M, Al-Jubori K, Salim H, Hameed A,  et al.
MSF Paediatric Days 2024. 3 May 2024; DOI:10.57740/f0Fo0R
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) is recommended for neonates with respiratory distress. CPAP is widely used in high-income countries, but less so in low- and middle-income settings. Here we assess key aspects of implementing CPAP in a humanitarian setting and describe the initial cohort of neonates treated, along with their clinical outcomes.

METHODS
MSF implemented CPAP in a basic neonatal unit in Mosul following the request of the local medical team. Implementation of two bubble CPAP machines included initial training and refresher training one year later. Clinical data was recorded over 16 months (13 April 2021- 21 July 2022). Descriptive statistics were used to assess the feasibility and outcomes of using CPAP in this setting.

RESULTS
CPAP was well accepted by most healthcare workers and parents. 93 neonates were placed on CPAP. 98% of patients had a birthweight >1.5Kg. The main indications were respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, transient tachypnoea, and meconium aspiration (46%, 22%, 16%, and 14% respectively). Average duration on CPAP was 53 hours. 63% of patients recovered, 8% were discharged against medical advice, 9% were referred, and 15% died. Among the 15 patients who died at our facility or at the referral facility, 7 had a contraindication to CPAP, and the initiation of CPAP was delayed in 9 patients. Complications included minor nasal lesions (17%), irritability (8%), and pneumothoraces (5%).

DISCUSSION
Most patients improved with CPAP and were discharged home. 5% of patients developed pneumothoraces, which is in keeping with other reports. However, among patients who did not improve, a significant proportion had contraindications to CPAP initiation and/or were placed on CPAP in extremis, highlighting the importance of clear indication criteria and training. Using CPAP in a humanitarian setting may be feasible but is associated with high human resource needs for both training and practice.
More
Conference Material > Poster

Managing multidrug resistant outbreaks in Abs General Hospital neonatal ward

Gonzalez Arias M, Alsairy H, Yang SL, Alonso B, Buero MM
MSF Paediatric Days 2024. 3 May 2024; DOI:10.57740/NHGPuP40k
Journal Article > ResearchFull Text

Improved vaccination coverage after two rounds of multi-antigenic catch-up vaccination in Mauritania

PLOS Glob Public Health. 14 February 2024; Volume 4 (Issue 2); e0002939.; DOI:10.1371/journal.pgph.0002939
Pagola-Ugarte M, Rakesh A, Gil-Cuesta J, Kidinda D, Kelly TM,  et al.
PLOS Glob Public Health. 14 February 2024; Volume 4 (Issue 2); e0002939.; DOI:10.1371/journal.pgph.0002939
Although Mauritania carried out its Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), in 2015 the goal of vaccination coverage (VC) remained unmet in Bassikounou district and Mbera camp, contexts with large migrant populations. In response, during 2018, the national authorities, together with Médecins Sans Frontières organised two rounds of multi-antigenic mass vaccination campaigns (2RMASVC). The campaigns included oral polio (OPV), pneumococcal (PCV13), pentavalent and rotavirus vaccines for all eligible children six weeks to 59 months old. This study describes the results of the 2RMASVC. Cross-sectional household VC surveys (VCS1 and VCS2) were conducted before and after the 2RMASVC. Data were collected on vaccination status according to self-reporting and vaccination cards, and on reasons for non-vaccination (RNV). In total, 4,569 children received at least one dose of vaccine in the first round and 5,602 children in the second. Baseline VC, as fully vaccinated, according to VCS1, was 59.9% of children 12 to 59 months in Bassikounou district and 65.8% in Mbera camp. After the 2RMASVC, the coverages increased to 84.7% and 75.9% respectively. Absence from home, lack of motivation, late initiation of vaccinations and lack of awareness about vaccination were the main RNV during the 2RMASVC. Although the 2RMASVC did not reach its goal of 90%-95% VC, the strategy significantly increased VC in the two settings for children aged 12 to 59 months. Therefore, this catch-up approach could be considered to improve VC of children who miss out of the EPI strategy in resource-limited settings.More
Conference Material > Slide Presentation

Modelling the potential impact of pneumococcal vaccination strategies in humanitarian crises

van Zandvoort K, Bobe M, Hassan AM, Ismail M, Saed M,  et al.
MSF Scientific Day International 2023. 7 June 2023; DOI:10.57740/t9ve-m563