BACKGROUND
Conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) is a significant health and human rights issue in humanitarian contexts, but there is a need of further research on differences between sexes in terms of severity of symptoms and improvement. Consequently, we explored the differences in severity and outcomes among male and female survivors of CRSV who received mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) in an armed conflict setting.
METHODS
We retrospectively analysed medical records from 3442 CRSV survivors in a MHPSS programme in Borno State, Nigeria, between 2018 and 2019. Patient characteristics, severity (measured with Clinical Global Impression of Severity Scale [CGI-S scale]), and improvement (measured with Clinical Global Impression of improvement [CGI-I] scale) were assessed by an attending counsellor. We assessed predictors for severity and improvement using a multivariable logistic regression analysis and time to improvement by sex using Kaplan Meier (K-M) curves and Cox regression.
RESULTS
We included 3442 patients who had at least one CRSV event in this study (2955 [85.9%] female, 486 [14.1%] male, one unknown). The most prevalent categories of symptoms were depression (49.9%; n = 1716), post-traumatic (25.6%; n = 879), and anxiety (20.3%; n = 697) symptoms. Most patients had mild (59.0%; n = 1869/3170) or moderate (36.4%; n = 1153/3170) symptoms at baseline, with 4.7% having severe symptoms (n = 148/3170). The logistic regression analysis (n = 1106), showed male patients had a 59% higher odds of severe symptoms at baseline than female patients (aOR 1.59; 95% CI 1.04-2.45). Among males, those older than 55 years had three times higher odds of presenting severe symptoms than younger patients (aOR 3.65; 95% CI 1.43-9.34). Women aged 36-55 years were more likely to present improvement than younger female patients (aOR 1.32; 95% CI 1.11-1.58). For both sexes, prompt attention after a CRSV event (≤ 3 days) positively predicted improvement (aOR 13.9; 95% CI 1.48-130 males, aOR 2.11; 95% CI 1.22-3.64 females) compared to late attention. Time to improvement did not differ between sexes, with an average of at least three consultations needed to achieve improvement.
CONCLUSIONS
Our study suggests that psychological attention of survivors within the first 72 h should be a priority. MHPSS programmes addressing CRSV should be inclusive to all patients, and gender-neutral approaches to ensure access, safety, confidentiality, and non-discrimination for all survivors should be developed.
Understanding and optimising mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) interventions in humanitarian crises is crucial, particularly for the most prevalent mental health conditions in conflict settings: anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. However, research on what is the most appropriate length of psychological intervention is lacking in this setting. We aimed to establish which factors are most closely related to improvement and to determine the required number of consultations needed to achieve this improvement.
METHODS
We retrospectively analysed records from 9,028 patients allocated to treatment for anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic symptoms from the MHPSS programme in Borno State, Nigeria, from January 2018 to December 2019. Patient characteristics, severity (Clinical Global Impression of Severity Scale, CGI-S scale), and clinical improvement were assessed by an attending counsellor (CGI-I scale) and by the patient (Mental Health Global State, MHGS scale). Improvement was defined as scores 1, 2, and 3 in the Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I) scale, and as a decrease of at least 4 points in the MHGS scale. We investigated the associations between the category of symptoms, the severity of illness, and improvement of symptoms using multivariable logistic regression. We used Kaplan–Meier (KM) curves to assess the number of consultations (i.e., time of treatment) needed to achieve improvement of symptoms, by symptom category and symptom severity.
FINDINGS
The patients included were referred to treatment for anxiety (n = 3462), depression (n = 3970), or post-traumatic symptoms (n = 1596). Median age was 31 years (range 16–103), and 84.3% were female. Patients categorised as severe were less likely to present improvement according to the CGI-I scale (OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.05–0.25), while none of the other categories of symptoms showed significant results. Overall, three or more consultations were associated with improvement in both scales (OR 3.55, 95% CI 1.47–8.57 for CGI-I; and OR 3.04, 95% CI 2.36–3.90 for MHGS). KM curves for the category of symptoms showed that around 90% of patients with anxiety, depression, or post-traumatic symptoms, as well as those with mild or moderate severity, presented improvement after three consultations, compared with six consultations for those with severe symptoms.
INTERPRETATION
Classification by severity among patients with anxiety, depression, or post-traumatic symptoms could predict the probability of improvement, whereas classification by symptoms could not. Our study highlights the importance of classifying patient severity in MHPSS programmes to plan and implement the appropriate duration of care. A major limitation was the number of patients lost to follow up after the first consultation and excluded from the logistic regression and KM analysis.
Mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) programs are essential during humanitarian crises and in conflict settings, like Nigeria’s Borno State. However, research on how types of traumatic stress and symptom severity affect clinical improvement is lacking in these contexts, as is consensus over how long these patients must engage in mental health care to see results.
METHODS
Records from 11,709 patients from the MHPSS program in Pulka and Gwoza local government areas in Borno State, Nigeria from 2018 and 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Patient information, symptoms, stress type, severity (CGI-S scale), and clinical improvement (CGI-I and MHGS scales) were assessed by the patient and counselor. Associations between variables were investigated using logistic regression models.
RESULTS
Clinical improvement increased with consultation frequency (OR: 2.5, p < 0.001 for CGI-I; OR: 2, p < 0.001 for MHGS), with patients who received three to six counseling sessions were most likely to improve, according to severity. Survivors of sexual violence, torture, and other conflict/violence-related stressors were nearly 20 times as likely to have posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (OR: 19.7, p < 0.001), and depression (OR: 19.3, p < 0.001) symptomatology. Children exposed to conflict-related violence were also almost 40 times as likely to have PTSD (OR: 38.2, p = 0.002). Most patients presented an improvement in outcome at discharge, per both counselors (92%, CGI-I) and self-rating scores (73%, MHGS).
CONCLUSION
We demonstrate a threshold at which patients were most likely to improve (3 sessions for mild or moderate patients; 6 sessions for severe). In addition, we identify the specific types of stress and symptom severity that affected the number of sessions needed to achieve successful outcomes, and highlight that some stress types (especially torture or having a relative killed) were specifically linked to PTSD and depression. Therefore, we emphasize the importance of classifying patient stress type and severity to identify the appropriate duration of care needed.