Severely malnourished patients can present with bilateral pitting oedema, which is a common sign of Kwashiorkor. However, bilateral pitting oedema can also be an expression of other pathologies. In Mali and DRC, the number of children presenting with bilateral pitting oedema at MSF (Médecins Sans Frontiers/Doctors Without Borders) hospitals are up to 30% (Mali) and 49% (DRC) higher than in other countries, however, the reasons underlying this trend are unknown. Through this qualitative study, we aimed to explore the perspectives and lived experiences of health professionals on the diagnosis and management of children with bilateral pitting oedema. Using a participatory approach, we conducted 21 in-depth interviews, and 2 focus groups with health professionals at MSF health facilities who had worked in the settings of Koutiala (Mali) and Rutshuru (DRC) for at least 6 months. The understanding of the bilateral pitting oedema phenomenon is complex. Health workers described clinical obstacles to reducing mortality, including: i) difficulties making the diagnosis due to a lack of specialized staff and insufficient resources, ii) challenges treating complications that may arise due to the complexity of the diseases associated with bilateral pitting oedema, and iii) lack of scientific evidence in the literature explaining the physiopathology of bilateral pitting oedema. Study participants shared several key recommendations for reducing mortality among children presenting with bilateral pitting oedema, including prevention of bilateral pitting oedema at the community level, standardization of the diagnostic process, strengthening of medical training, and better collaboration both within the medical teams and between teams and the children’s families.
INTRODUCTION
MSF is providing cervical cancer screening in Blantyre and Chiradzulu districts in Southern Malawi in the catchment area of 10 health centres. Improved screening strategies under diverse recruitment models are introduced to increase HPV screening coverage at health centres and with outreach activities.
METHODS
Under PAVE study, self-collected vaginal swabs are tested by an isothermal amplification PCR assay followed byvisual inspection, imaging, and histological assessment for HPV +ve women. Women living <5km from health centers are recruited opportunistically during routine visits. After HPV test, they are advised either to wait onsite (test-and-wait model) or called back in two days’ time (test-and-call model) for triage and treatment visit.Women living>10km from health centers are offered HPV test, triage, and treatment in community settings by outreach teams (mobile-clinic model). A fourth model for women living 5-10km from a health center with HPV testing in their communities followed by a triage and treatment visit at respective health centers (mobile-lab model) is not yet implemented.
RESULTS
As of April 2024, over 2000 women have undergone HPV screening across all active sites. Key insights from the experience are focused at: i)streamlining patient flow during opportunistic recruitment at health centers,ii)improving HPV results communication, iii)effectively tracing women back for triage and treatment visits using phone and community based tracing, iv)ensuring provision of stable internet for effective and real time data collection and synchronization, v)reducing gaps in logistics and quality assurances at HPV lab particularly in mobile lab setup, vi)ensuring real-time quality histopathology review of cervical biopsies for case management,and vii)continuous monitoring of patients and data flow to ensure quality of screening, compliance, and effective case management.
CONCLUSIONS
Diverse HPV-based screening strategies are key to achieve good screening coverage, and subsequently reducethe cervical cancer morbidity and mortality in southern Malawi.
INTRODUCTION
Since November 2019, Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) and the Malawian Ministry of Health have provided a comprehensive range of cervical cancer care services. Initially, all consultations, pathological diagnoses, chemotherapy, surgery, and patient support activities were centralized at the tertiary hospital. To address the overwhelming surge in demand for these services, an innovative decentralisation approach was introduced to alleviate the workload and enhance patient care quality.
METHODS
The decentralization strategy involves triaging patients at the district level and categorizing them by type of lesion (Fig 1). Patients with early or locally advanced cancer, as well as those in need of palliative chemotherapy, are referred to the tertiary hospital for further evaluation and treatment. Those with premalignant lesions or advanced cancer are treated at the district level by trained surgical and palliative care teams. Quality is ensured through provision of medications, equipment and allowances, as well as monthly mentoring sessions for about 120 providers.
RESULTS
During the first months of comprehensive care provision, the number of palliative consultations at the tertiary hospital increased way above the threshold of 150 manageable consultations. Using the new decentralized system from August 2021, 818 palliative patients were referred to 45 palliative sites at district level, leading to a reduction in monthly consultations at central level from a high of 226 (2021) to a high of only 134 (2023) (Fig 2). Among the new patients presenting at the tertiary hospital, an average of 45% presented with benign or pre-malignant lesions. Therefore, from July 2023, 561 women started to be biopsied and managed at their district hospitals instead of the tertiary level.
CONCLUSIONS
It is feasible to provide a comprehensive package of cervical cancer care in low resource settings without overburdening services when a decentralization strategy is used to ensure manageable workload and high quality of care.
The risk of cholera outbreaks spreading rapidly and extensively is substantial. Case-area targeted interventions (CATI) are based on the premise that early detection can trigger a rapid, localised response in the high-risk radius around case-households to reduce transmission sufficiently to extinguish the outbreak or reduce its spread, as opposed to relying on resource-intensive mass interventions. Current evidence supports intervention in a high-risk spatiotemporal zone of up to 200 m around case- households for 5 days after case presentation. Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) started delivering CATI to people living within these high-risk rings during outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in April 2022. We present the results of a prospective observational study designed to evaluate the CATI strategy, measuring effectiveness, feasibility, timeliness, and resource requirements, and we extract operational learnings.
METHODS
Between April 2022 and April 2023, MSF delivered the holistic CATI package in five cholera-affected regions. The package incorporated key interventions combining household-level water, sanitation, and hygiene measures, health promotion, antibiotic chemoprophylaxis, and single-dose oral cholera vaccination (OCV). We conducted a survey in each ring roughly 3 weeks after the intervention to estimate coverage and uptake of the different components. We measured effectiveness by comparing cholera incidence in the first 30 days between rings with different delays from primary case presentation to CATI implementation, using a Bayesian regression model and adjusting for covariates such as population density, age, and access to water and sanitation.
RESULTS
During the study, four MSF operational sections implemented 118 CATI rings in five sites. The median number of households per ring was 70, the median OCV coverage was 85%, and the median time from presentation of the primary case to CATI implementation and to vaccination was 2 days and 3 days, respectively. These characteristics varied widely across sites and between rings. No secondary cases were observed in 81 (78%) of 104 rings included in the analysis, and we noted a (non- significant) decreasing trend in the number of secondary cases with decreasing delay to CATI implementation, e.g. 1.3 cases [95% CrI 0.01–4.9] for CATI implementation starting within 5 days from primary case presentation, and 0.5 cases [0.03–2.0] for CATI starting within 2 days.
CONCLUSION
Our results show that rapid implementation of CATI with vaccination is feasible in complex contexts. The number of secondary cases was low when CATI was implemented promptly. This highly targeted approach may be an effective strategy to quickly protect people most at risk and is resource- efficient if implemented early to extinguish localised outbreaks before they require mass interventions.