OBJECTIVES
Cholera is an easily treatable disease, but many people are still unnecessarily dying from it. To improve current case management practices and prevent mortality requires a comprehensive understanding of who is at higher risk of dying. To identify the most common risk factors, a scoping review was undertaken, to explore the literature and summarise the evidence on cholera mortality and reported risk factors.
METHODS
Following the scoping review framework proposed by Arksey and O'Malley (2005), Pubmed, EMBASE, Web of Science, LILACS, Scielo, Cochrane and Open Grey and African Journals Online were searched on 24 November 2021, without restrictions in language or date. After screening and assessing the records across predefined criteria, we performed a thematic analysis on mortality.
RESULTS
A total of 77 studies were included in the final review. The potential reasons explaining the observed mortality were classified in the following categories: Patient characteristics; Healthcare; and Health‐seeking behaviour. The identified risk factors were multi‐dimensional, inter‐dependent and context‐specific. When exploring the patients' characteristics, the available data suggested that in many contexts, case fatality ratios were higher among males and older people, especially those aged 50 or above. Twelve studies reported the place of death, with the percentage of community deaths ranging from 23% to 96%. Evidence on comorbidities and cholera deaths was too scarce for analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
Cholera has been a disease of global importance for more than two centuries. Despite this, our review highlighted that there has been limited published evidence about factors that increase the risk of cholera‐related death. Collecting, reporting and analysing baseline characteristics such as age, sex and predisposing conditions can improve our understanding of cholera mortality risk factors and guide improvements in future case management recommendations.
In 2017, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) recorded its eighth Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak, approximately 3 years after the previous outbreak.
METHODS
Suspect cases of EVD were identified on the basis of clinical and epidemiological information. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis or serological testing was used to confirm Ebola virus infection in suspected cases. The causative virus was later sequenced from a RT-PCR–positive individual and assessed using phylogenetic analysis.
RESULTS
Three probable and 5 laboratory-confirmed cases of EVD were recorded between 27 March and 1 July 2017 in the DRC. Fifty percent of cases died from the infection. EVD cases were detected in 4 separate areas, resulting in > 270 contacts monitored. The complete genome of the causative agent, a variant from the Zaireebolavirus species, denoted Ebola virus Muyembe, was obtained using next-generation sequencing. This variant is genetically closest, with 98.73% homology, to the Ebola virus Mayinga variant isolated from the first DRC outbreaks in 1976–1977.
CONCLUSION
A single spillover event into the human population is responsible for this DRC outbreak. Human-to-human transmission resulted in limited dissemination of the causative agent, a novel Ebola virus variant closely related to the initial Mayinga variant isolated in 1976–1977 in the DRC.